IIHS release July 30, 2026 · Data checked 2026-09-16

What the 2026 IIHS Driver Death Rates Mean

A newer used-car cohort, two kinds of risk, and a better way to read a “zero deaths” headline.

What changed?

The new edition estimates rates for 2023 models using 2021–2024 crashes. Earlier model years enter only where IIHS considers the design and safety features equivalent. Each row shows its exact span; these are not fatality predictions for new 2026 or 2027 cars. IIHS release.

188

Model/body/drivetrain configurations

Driver deaths per million vehicle-years

Other-driver deaths per million vehicle-years

Our complete download contains 188 configurations versus 181 in our older edition: 7 more overall. An exact normalized-name comparison finds 73 shared names, 115 newly appearing names and 108 older names absent. Renaming, design changes and sample eligibility can change membership; “newly appearing” does not mean a newly introduced vehicle.

Browse the updated used-car rankings or retain the older edition for older model years. Older used-price and reliability estimates have not been copied to newer generations.

Look at protection for both drivers

We calculated two transparent filters from all 188 published rows. 84 have estimates below both edition-wide averages. A stricter screen leaves 15 whose upper 95% confidence bounds also sit below both average point estimates.

This is our exploratory shortlist, not an IIHS award or proof that one model causes fewer deaths. It does not account for uncertainty in the comparison averages, multiple comparisons, mileage or driving behavior. The two outcomes share crash data and should not be treated as independent tests.

Configuration and model years	Driver rate (95% bounds)	Other-driver rate (95% bounds)
Volvo XC40 4WD 2020-23	11 (0–33)	8 (0–24)
Mercedes-Benz GLS-Class 4WD 2020-23	8 (0–19)	9 (0–21)
BMW X7 4WD 2020-23	0 (0–17)	11 (0–26)
Volkswagen Atlas 4WD 2020-23	7 (0–16)	13 (0–26)
Porsche Cayenne 4WD 2020-23	7 (0–21)	15 (0–37)
Volvo XC90 4WD 2020-23	7 (0–22)	24 (4–44)
Hyundai Palisade 4WD 2020-23	18 (4–32)	25 (9–42)
Subaru Outback 2020-23	27 (18–36)	25 (17–34)
Volvo XC60 4WD 2020-23	7 (0–17)	25 (4–47)
BMW X5 4WD 2020-23	5 (0–11)	27 (10–45)
Hyundai Santa Fe 4WD 2020-23	17 (4–29)	28 (13–44)
Toyota Highlander hybrid 4WD 2020-23	11 (1–20)	28 (10–46)
Mazda CX-5 4WD 2020-23	17 (8–27)	30 (19–42)
Tesla Model Y electric 4WD 2020-23	18 (10–25)	35 (25–44)
Ford Explorer 4WD 2020-23	24 (16–33)	37 (27–46)

Source: our calculations from the IIHS model estimates and confidence bounds, retrieved 2026-09-16. We use the published overall averages, not a simple average of these model rows. Registration exposure is not supplied in our API export, so we do not construct our own exposure-weighted rates.

What you can learn before buying

A zero estimate still has uncertainty

Three examples with a published driver-death-rate estimate of zero, selected alphabetically. Each line shows the reported 95% confidence interval.

Audi Q7 4WD (2020-23)
Estimate 0 · 95% interval 0–20

BMW X7 4WD (2020-23)
Estimate 0 · 95% interval 0–17

Chevrolet Tahoe 4WD (2022-23)
Estimate 0 · 95% interval 0–16

Dots: estimates. Lines: 95% confidence intervals. All rows use the same scale, in driver deaths per million registered vehicle-years. These are examples of uncertainty, not a ranking or a zero-risk promise. Source: IIHS, July 2026 edition; chart: Informed for Life.

Match the exact version. Body style, drivetrain and model-year span matter. A 4WD result cannot be silently assigned to a 2WD vehicle or a redesigned successor.
Read the uncertainty. 6 configurations have a zero estimated driver rate. A zero point estimate is not a promise of zero risk; its upper confidence bound is still positive.
Check harm to others. A vehicle can look favorable for its own driver and unfavorable for drivers it collides with. Compare both columns.
Separate shopping evidence from causal claims. These observations can help choose a shortlist. They do not prove that purchasing one model reduces your personal risk by the same percentage.
Use crash tests for newer cars. Pair relevant historical data with current crashworthiness, rear-seat and crash-avoidance results. Do not transfer a used-car rate across a redesign.

The IIHS calculation adjusts for driver age and sex. It cannot remove all differences in use. Its cohort also excludes the current model year's partial registration year, avoiding a mismatch between a July registration snapshot and a full year of crashes. July 2026 methodology.

All 188 vehicle configurations

Alphabetical, not a best-to-worst league table. Rates are deaths per million registered vehicle-years, not per million miles. Parentheses show 95% confidence bounds. Driver counts exclude passengers; the other-driver measure also excludes pedestrians and cyclists. Definitions and eligibility at IIHS.

Find a make or model Show only estimates below both overall averages

188 configurations shown

Vehicle	Model years	Size / class	Driver rate	Other-driver rate
Acura MDX 4WD	2022-23	midsize luxury SUVs	21 (0–48)	22 (0–49)
Acura RDX 2WD	2020-23	midsize luxury SUVs	41 (2–79)	33 (3–63)
Acura RDX 4WD	2020-23	midsize luxury SUVs	23 (4–43)	34 (13–54)
Audi Q3 4WD	2021-23	small luxury SUVs	24 (0–51)	36 (6–65)
Audi Q5 4WD	2021-23	midsize luxury SUVs	24 (4–44)	43 (16–69)
Audi Q7 4WD	2020-23	large luxury SUVs	0 (0–20)	35 (3–66)
BMW X3 2WD	2021-23	midsize luxury SUVs	34 (0–71)	7 (0–21)
BMW X3 4WD	2021-23	midsize luxury SUVs	11 (0–23)	48 (19–76)
BMW X5 2WD	2020-23	midsize luxury SUVs	6 (0–17)	42 (7–78)
BMW X5 4WD	2020-23	midsize luxury SUVs	5 (0–11)	27 (10–45)
BMW X7 4WD	2020-23	large luxury SUVs	0 (0–17)	11 (0–26)
Buick Encore GX 2WD	2020-23	small luxury SUVs	76 (38–113)	42 (17–67)
Buick Encore GX 4WD	2020-23	small luxury SUVs	26 (5–48)	46 (10–82)
Buick Envision 2WD	2021-23	midsize luxury SUVs	26 (0–51)	56 (9–103)
Buick Envision 4WD	2021-23	midsize luxury SUVs	38 (0–81)	33 (0–73)
Cadillac XT5 2WD	2020-23	midsize luxury SUVs	16 (0–35)	100 (41–159)
Cadillac XT5 4WD	2020-23	midsize luxury SUVs	15 (0–32)	31 (3–59)
Cadillac XT6 4WD	2020-23	midsize luxury SUVs	23 (0–53)	48 (11–85)
Chevrolet Camaro	2020-23	large sports cars	88 (45–131)	87 (44–130)
Chevrolet Corvette	2020-23	midsize sports cars	82 (40–124)	30 (3–57)
Chevrolet Equinox 2WD	2020-23	small SUVs	67 (51–83)	58 (44–72)
Chevrolet Equinox 4WD	2020-23	small SUVs	41 (27–54)	35 (23–46)
Chevrolet Express 2500 cargo 2WD	2020-23	very large large vans	47 (18–76)	68 (35–102)
Chevrolet Malibu	2023	midsize cars	116 (39–194)	91 (32–150)
Chevrolet Silverado 1500 crew cab 4WD	2023	large pickups	21 (4–39)	30 (7–53)
Chevrolet Silverado 2500 crew cab 4WD	2020-23	very large pickups	21 (11–31)	111 (88–134)
Chevrolet Silverado 3500 crew cab 4WD	2020-23	very large pickups	10 (0–22)	126 (81–171)
Chevrolet Suburban 1500 4WD	2021-23	very large SUVs	6 (0–16)	64 (29–100)
Chevrolet Tahoe 4WD	2022-23	large SUVs	0 (0–16)	43 (14–73)
Chevrolet Trailblazer 2WD	2021-23	small SUVs	55 (23–87)	64 (34–93)
Chevrolet Trailblazer 4WD	2021-23	small SUVs	25 (6–45)	33 (7–59)
Chevrolet Traverse 2WD	2022-23	midsize SUVs	16 (0–34)	69 (19–119)
Chevrolet Traverse 4WD	2022-23	midsize SUVs	10 (0–23)	35 (0–71)
Chrysler 300 2WD	2020-23	large cars	132 (58–205)	46 (4–88)
Chrysler Pacifica 2WD	2021-23	very large station wagons/minivans	51 (22–80)	84 (48–120)
Chrysler Pacifica Plug-In hybrid	2021-23	very large station wagons/minivans	35 (4–66)	33 (0–73)
Dodge Challenger 2WD	2020-23	large cars	125 (89–160)	75 (49–101)
Dodge Charger 2WD	2020-23	large cars	90 (54–125)	136 (96–176)
Dodge Charger Hemi 2WD	2020-23	large cars	127 (81–173)	161 (113–210)
Dodge Durango 2WD	2020-23	large SUVs	83 (30–136)	73 (28–118)
Dodge Durango 4WD	2020-23	large SUVs	14 (4–24)	75 (49–101)
Ford Bronco 4WD	2021-23	midsize SUVs	10 (1–19)	59 (33–86)
Ford Bronco Sport 4WD	2021-23	small SUVs	36 (17–54)	38 (23–53)
Ford Edge 4WD	2020-23	midsize SUVs	27 (13–41)	44 (28–61)
Ford Escape 2WD	2020-23	small SUVs	70 (46–94)	68 (45–92)
Ford Escape 4WD	2020-23	small SUVs	47 (30–64)	46 (31–61)
Ford Escape hybrid 2WD	2020-23	small SUVs	26 (0–66)	49 (0–99)
Ford Escape hybrid 4WD	2020-23	small SUVs	6 (0–17)	35 (3–68)
Ford Expedition 2WD	2020-23	large SUVs	22 (0–54)	88 (38–138)
Ford Expedition 4WD	2020-23	large SUVs	12 (0–30)	50 (19–82)
Ford Expedition Max 2WD	2020-23	very large SUVs	28 (0–56)	46 (0–93)
Ford Expedition Max 4WD	2020-23	very large SUVs	35 (8–63)	77 (38–117)
Ford Explorer 2WD	2020-23	midsize SUVs	34 (16–53)	64 (41–88)
Ford Explorer 4WD	2020-23	midsize SUVs	24 (16–33)	37 (27–46)
Ford F-150 SuperCrew 2WD	2022-23	large pickups	7 (0–21)	99 (41–156)
Ford F-150 SuperCrew 4WD	2022-23	large pickups	33 (20–46)	67 (49–86)
Ford F150 hybrid SuperCrew 4WD	2022-23	large pickups	13 (0–31)	40 (3–76)
Ford Maverick hybrid SuperCrew 2WD	2022-23	small pickups	27 (0–54)	27 (0–60)
Ford Mustang Mach-E electric 4WD	2021-23	midsize SUVs	11 (0–26)	31 (0–64)
Ford Ranger SuperCrew 2WD	2020-23	small pickups	44 (10–77)	41 (12–70)
Ford Ranger SuperCrew 4WD	2020-23	small pickups	23 (10–36)	64 (39–90)
Ford T-150 Transit cargo	2020-23	very large large vans	31 (0–61)	59 (14–104)
Ford T-250 Transit cargo	2020-23	very large large vans	16 (4–28)	64 (43–86)
Ford T-350 Transit	2020-23	very large large vans	25 (0–57)	64 (20–108)
Ford T-350 Transit cargo	2020-23	very large large vans	37 (0–77)	64 (18–110)
Ford Transit Connect cargo long wheelbase	2020-23	very large large vans	25 (6–45)	39 (12–65)
GMC Acadia 4WD	2022-23	midsize SUVs	54 (0–116)	64 (10–117)
GMC Sierra 1500 crew cab 4WD	2023	large pickups	18 (0–38)	48 (8–88)
GMC Sierra 2500 crew cab 4WD	2020-23	very large pickups	21 (9–33)	98 (70–126)
GMC Sierra 3500 crew cab 4WD	2020-23	very large pickups	14 (0–36)	67 (31–103)
GMC Terrain 2WD	2020-23	small SUVs	55 (26–83)	53 (26–79)
GMC Terrain 4WD	2020-23	small SUVs	43 (21–66)	39 (18–60)
GMC Yukon 4WD	2022-23	large SUVs	23 (0–59)	74 (20–127)
Honda Civic	2022-23	small cars	58 (33–83)	49 (26–71)
Honda Civic hatchback	2022-23	small cars	28 (3–52)	57 (15–98)
Honda Odyssey	2022-23	very large station wagons/minivans	11 (0–23)	31 (5–57)
Honda Passport 4WD	2020-23	midsize SUVs	27 (9–46)	42 (19–65)
Honda Ridgeline crew cab 4WD	2020-23	small pickups	15 (4–27)	43 (21–65)
Hyundai Elantra	2021-23	small cars	80 (52–107)	54 (32–75)
Hyundai Kona 2WD	2020-23	small SUVs	95 (53–137)	59 (30–89)
Hyundai Kona 4WD	2020-23	small SUVs	47 (19–75)	37 (15–59)
Hyundai Palisade 2WD	2020-23	midsize SUVs	61 (25–96)	59 (29–89)
Hyundai Palisade 4WD	2020-23	midsize SUVs	18 (4–32)	25 (9–42)
Hyundai Santa Fe 2WD	2020-23	small SUVs	32 (15–48)	59 (37–81)
Hyundai Santa Fe 4WD	2020-23	small SUVs	17 (4–29)	28 (13–44)
Hyundai Sonata	2020-23	midsize cars	83 (58–108)	50 (31–69)
Hyundai Tucson 2WD	2022-23	small SUVs	21 (0–45)	31 (5–58)
Hyundai Tucson 4WD	2022-23	small SUVs	20 (2–38)	28 (8–48)
Hyundai Tucson hybrid 4WD	2022-23	small SUVs	7 (0–22)	45 (4–86)
Hyundai Venue 2WD	2020-23	small SUVs	113 (57–168)	43 (13–72)
Jeep Cherokee 4WD	2021-23	midsize SUVs	28 (8–47)	22 (6–38)
Jeep Compass 4WD	2022-23	small SUVs	46 (18–73)	61 (27–94)
Jeep Gladiator crew cab 4WD	2020-23	small pickups	26 (15–38)	72 (55–90)
Jeep Grand Cherokee 4WD	2022-23	midsize SUVs	39 (7–71)	56 (18–94)
Jeep Grand Cherokee L 4WD	2022-23	midsize SUVs	11 (0–25)	31 (5–56)
Jeep Wrangler 4-door 4WD	2020-23	midsize SUVs	35 (24–46)	53 (40–66)
Jeep Wrangler Plug-in hybrid 4WD	2022-23	midsize SUVs	36 (4–68)	52 (9–96)
Kia Forte	2020-23	small cars	120 (95–146)	60 (44–77)
Kia K5	2021-23	midsize cars	94 (61–127)	83 (54–111)
Kia Rio	2020-23	mini cars	170 (104–236)	54 (20–87)
Kia Sorento 2WD	2021-23	midsize SUVs	12 (0–26)	78 (35–121)
Kia Sorento 4WD	2021-23	midsize SUVs	23 (0–45)	44 (15–72)
Kia Telluride 2WD	2020-23	midsize SUVs	8 (0–22)	57 (28–86)
Kia Telluride 4WD	2020-23	midsize SUVs	23 (9–38)	38 (21–56)
Land Rover Range Rover Velar	2020-23	midsize luxury SUVs	43 (1–84)	22 (0–47)
Lexus ES 350	2020-23	midsize luxury cars	18 (0–37)	41 (15–66)
Lexus GX 460 4WD	2020-23	large luxury SUVs	12 (0–27)	42 (16–67)
Lincoln Aviator 4WD	2020-23	midsize luxury SUVs	32 (0–67)	39 (9–69)
Lincoln Corsair 2WD	2020-23	small luxury SUVs	14 (0–34)	62 (10–115)
Lincoln Corsair 4WD	2020-23	small luxury SUVs	23 (0–53)	23 (0–46)
Lincoln Nautilus 4WD	2020-23	midsize luxury SUVs	17 (0–43)	29 (0–58)
Mazda 3 2WD	2020-23	small cars	46 (5–87)	52 (12–92)
Mazda CX-30 4WD	2020-23	small SUVs	28 (7–50)	18 (3–33)
Mazda CX-5 4WD	2020-23	small SUVs	17 (8–27)	30 (19–42)
Mazda CX-9 4WD	2020-23	midsize SUVs	16 (0–36)	45 (14–77)
Mercedes-Benz GLB-Class 4WD	2020-23	small luxury SUVs	0 (0–29)	28 (0–62)
Mercedes-Benz GLE-Class 2WD	2020-23	midsize luxury SUVs	0 (0–25)	46 (7–85)
Mercedes-Benz GLE-Class 4WD	2020-23	midsize luxury SUVs	13 (0–25)	44 (21–67)
Mercedes-Benz GLS-Class 4WD	2020-23	large luxury SUVs	8 (0–19)	9 (0–21)
Mitsubishi Outlander 4WD	2022-23	small SUVs	34 (0–77)	34 (0–67)
Nissan Altima	2021-23	midsize cars	105 (72–138)	64 (41–87)
Nissan Frontier crew cab short bed 4WD	2022-23	small pickups	32 (3–61)	43 (8–77)
Nissan Kicks	2020-23	small cars	86 (57–114)	42 (24–61)
Nissan Maxima	2020-23	midsize cars	105 (47–163)	53 (14–91)
Nissan Murano 4WD	2021-23	midsize SUVs	24 (0–61)	84 (26–142)
Nissan Pathfinder 4WD	2022-23	midsize SUVs	24 (0–49)	49 (8–91)
Nissan Rogue 2WD	2021-23	small SUVs	59 (34–84)	77 (52–103)
Nissan Rogue 4WD	2021-23	small SUVs	33 (17–49)	46 (28–63)
Nissan Sentra	2020-23	small cars	81 (60–103)	74 (55–92)
Nissan Titan crew cab short bed 4WD	2020-23	large pickups	49 (1–97)	48 (12–84)
Nissan Versa	2020-23	small cars	164 (118–211)	80 (51–109)
Porsche Cayenne 4WD	2020-23	large luxury SUVs	7 (0–21)	15 (0–37)
Porsche Macan 4WD	2020-23	midsize luxury SUVs	4 (0–11)	52 (18–85)
Ram 1500 Classic crew cab short bed 4WD	2020-23	large pickups	61 (24–97)	124 (66–181)
Ram 1500 Classic Quad 4WD	2020-23	large pickups	24 (3–45)	26 (3–50)
Ram 1500 crew cab long bed 4WD	2020-23	large pickups	25 (3–47)	57 (18–96)
Ram 1500 crew cab short bed 2WD	2020-23	large pickups	31 (8–53)	100 (65–136)
Ram 1500 crew cab short bed 4WD	2020-23	large pickups	28 (21–35)	70 (58–82)
Ram 1500 Quad 2WD	2020-23	large pickups	27 (0–54)	113 (55–171)
Ram 1500 Quad 4WD	2020-23	large pickups	37 (15–59)	54 (29–78)
Ram 2500 crew cab long bed 4WD	2020-23	very large pickups	43 (1–85)	102 (48–157)
Ram 2500 crew cab short bed 4WD	2020-23	very large pickups	20 (11–29)	113 (90–136)
Ram 3500 crew cab long bed 4WD	2020-23	very large pickups	37 (13–61)	204 (151–257)
Subaru Ascent	2020-23	midsize SUVs	15 (4–25)	38 (22–54)
Subaru Forester	2020-23	small SUVs	29 (20–39)	38 (28–48)
Subaru Impreza	2020-23	small cars	83 (18–149)	39 (0–79)
Subaru Impreza wagon	2020-23	small station wagons/minivans	14 (0–33)	39 (12–65)
Subaru Legacy	2020-23	midsize cars	37 (12–61)	26 (4–47)
Subaru Outback	2020-23	midsize station wagons/minivans	27 (18–36)	25 (17–34)
Subaru WRX	2022-23	small cars	51 (25–76)	42 (18–66)
Subaru XV Crosstrek	2020-23	small station wagons/minivans	27 (16–37)	34 (23–46)
Tesla Model 3 electric 2WD	2020-23	midsize luxury cars	15 (6–24)	43 (27–59)
Tesla Model 3 electric 4WD	2020-23	midsize luxury cars	39 (23–55)	54 (37–71)
Tesla Model S electric 4WD	2020-23	large luxury cars	35 (6–64)	53 (17–89)
Tesla Model X electric 4WD	2020-23	large luxury SUVs	44 (5–82)	40 (11–69)
Tesla Model Y electric 4WD	2020-23	midsize luxury SUVs	18 (10–25)	35 (25–44)
Toyota 4Runner 2WD	2020-23	midsize SUVs	55 (13–97)	58 (20–96)
Toyota 4Runner 4WD	2020-23	midsize SUVs	33 (19–47)	53 (37–69)
Toyota Camry 2WD	2020-23	midsize cars	61 (50–73)	75 (63–87)
Toyota Camry 4WD	2020-23	midsize cars	15 (0–35)	35 (10–61)
Toyota Camry hybrid	2020-23	midsize cars	51 (26–75)	67 (38–96)
Toyota Corolla	2020-23	small cars	71 (59–84)	56 (46–66)
Toyota Corolla hatchback	2020-23	small cars	51 (9–93)	46 (13–79)
Toyota Corolla hybrid 2WD	2020-23	small cars	51 (24–79)	54 (24–84)
Toyota Highlander 2WD	2020-23	midsize SUVs	30 (14–47)	68 (45–90)
Toyota Highlander 4WD	2020-23	midsize SUVs	7 (1–13)	39 (25–53)
Toyota Highlander hybrid 4WD	2020-23	midsize SUVs	11 (1–20)	28 (10–46)
Toyota RAV4 2WD	2020-23	small SUVs	39 (27–52)	49 (36–63)
Toyota RAV4 4WD	2020-23	small SUVs	31 (21–42)	44 (32–56)
Toyota RAV4 hybrid 4WD	2020-23	small SUVs	15 (7–23)	48 (35–61)
Toyota RAV4 Prime Plug-in hybrid 4WD	2021-23	small SUVs	5 (0–15)	58 (18–98)
Toyota Sienna hybrid 2WD	2021-23	very large station wagons/minivans	10 (0–20)	37 (15–59)
Toyota Sienna hybrid 4WD	2021-23	very large station wagons/minivans	23 (0–48)	41 (9–73)
Toyota Tacoma Double long bed 4WD	2020-23	small pickups	9 (0–20)	45 (20–69)
Toyota Tacoma Double short bed 2WD	2020-23	small pickups	41 (23–60)	75 (52–99)
Toyota Tacoma Double short bed 4WD	2020-23	small pickups	37 (25–50)	44 (32–56)
Toyota Tacoma XtraCab 2WD	2020-23	small pickups	28 (5–50)	66 (29–103)
Toyota Tacoma XtraCab 4WD	2020-23	small pickups	24 (3–46)	27 (3–51)
Toyota Tundra CrewMax 4WD	2022-23	large pickups	0 (0–27)	62 (23–101)
Toyota Venza hybrid 4WD	2021-23	small SUVs	33 (9–57)	53 (25–81)
Volkswagen Atlas 2WD	2020-23	midsize SUVs	5 (0–16)	94 (36–151)
Volkswagen Atlas 4WD	2020-23	midsize SUVs	7 (0–16)	13 (0–26)
Volkswagen Atlas Cross Sport 4WD	2020-23	midsize SUVs	26 (0–54)	48 (15–80)
Volkswagen Tiguan 2WD	2020-23	midsize SUVs	34 (15–53)	76 (47–106)
Volkswagen Tiguan 4WD	2020-23	midsize SUVs	17 (6–29)	38 (19–57)
Volvo XC40 4WD	2020-23	small luxury SUVs	11 (0–33)	8 (0–24)
Volvo XC60 4WD	2020-23	midsize luxury SUVs	7 (0–17)	25 (4–47)
Volvo XC90 4WD	2020-23	midsize luxury SUVs	7 (0–22)	24 (4–44)

How this changes our site

The main used-car list now uses this edition with the existing 70% model / 30% class weighting. Class inputs are the published IIHS class totals. Historical analyses and their prices retain the older cohort and link to its archived detail pages. This prevents an old price or old fatality claim from being attached to a newer generation.

The new-car crash-test score remains 55% primary results, 25% occupant detail, 10% pedestrian braking and 10% class context. Its class reference is still the separately documented standardized study, with its own baseline of 38. We have not silently replaced that source with this edition's overall rate of 37. Scoring methodology.